Badger

Badgers are found living in the forests of Europe and western Asia, scavenging

for roots and berries as well as worms and insects.

Amazingly badgers can run up to 30km an hour for short periods of time and have been known to successfully fight off bigger mammals such as wolves, coyotes and bears!

There have been occasional reports over the years of badgers being 

particularly aggressive towards dogs and even humans! The badger is capable of producing a painful bite, and some badgers are also known to carry a type of rabies.The most commonly known badgers are the white and black striped badgers in western Europe.

Badgers are thought to be related to otters and weasels and can often grow to nearly a meter in length! The badger lives in underground burrows which often contains a maze of tunnels. It is thought that when digging its den, the badger is capable of removing tonnes of soil!

Badger is the common name for any animal of the badger three subfamilies, which belong to the family Mustelidae. This is the same mammal family as the ferrets, the weasels, theotters, and several other types of carnivore meaning that the badger is most closely related to these animals.

There are eight different species of badger, and these badger species are split into three badger subfamilies, the badgers of Europe and Asia, the Ratel badger or honey badger, and the American badger. The Asian stink badger was once classified as a badger but today this badger species is thought to be more closely related to the skunk than the badger.

Typical badger species have short legs and badgers also tend to have a relatively heavy build. The badgers lower jaw is articulated to the badgers upper jaw meaning that it is almost impossible to dislocate the badgers jaw. This enables the badger to maintain its hold on the badgers prey with great ease, but limits the badgers jaw movement to hinging opening and shutting or sliding from side to side.

Badger Facts

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Mustelidae
Genus:	Taxidiinae
Scientific Name:	Taxidea Taxus
Type:	Mammal
Diet:	Omnivore
Size (L):	40cm - 75cm (16in - 29in)
Weight:	11kg - 14kg (24lbs - 30lbs)
Top Speed:	30km/h (18mph)
Life Span:	4 - 10 years
Lifestyle:	Solitary
Conservation Status:	Threatened
Colour:	Brown, Black, White
Skin Type:	Fur
Favourite Food:	Worms
Habitat:	Woodland and hedgerows
Average Litter Size:	3
Main Prey:	Worms, Roots, Fruit
Predators:	Human, Eagle, Wildcats
Distinctive Features:	Flattened body and long claws

Ainu Dog

Ainu Dog

Ainu Dog History and Domestication
The Ainu dog is thought to be one of the oldest breeds ofdog in the world, first bred by the indigenous Ainu people of Hokkaido, to hunt Salmon, Deer and Bears. Despite being hunter-gatherers that survived in freezing conditions, the Ainu are thought to have kept Dogs from the very beginning and respected them in nearly the same way as other Humans. The Ainu Dog is thought to have descended from medium-sized Dogs that arrived on the island with migrants from the main island around 3,000 years ago. Today, despite it's strong links to the Ainu people, it is more commonly referred to as the Hokkaido-Ken by the native Japanese people. Although the characteristics of the Ainu dog are thought to have changed a little over the years due to cross-breeding, this breed is said to still have a very wild streak.

Ainu Dog Physical Characteristics
The Ainu Dog is a medium sized canine that is well known for it's strength and power. Generally the double coat of thick fur used to keep the Dog warm, is light in colour, with white, grey and fawn being especially common. They are known to have a fearsome expression, due to their small dark, brown eyes, a broad head and a pointed muzzle that is tipped with a black nose. The ears of the Ainu Dog are small and sharply pointed making this breed appear even more alert. The tongue of the Ainu Dog is commonly covered in black spots which is said to suggest a relation to the Chow Chow, a smaller species of domestic Dog that is natively found in neighbouring China.

Ainu Dog Behaviour and Temperament
The Ainu Dog breed is a naturally wild and powerful Dog, making this breed an excellent guard Dog, They are also suspicious and alert and incredibly courageous when needing to protect their owner. The Ainu Dog is well known for it's faithfulness, bravery, and the ability to withstand the cold, among it's other desirable traits. It has an innate sense of direction and can therefore return to it's master no matter how great the distance it has travelled alone. The Ainu Dog is also known to howl, making a similar sound to that of a Wolf, when it believes it has done good by it's keeper. They are incredibly active Dogs and are known to not be suitable for apartment living or in households that contain other animals or young children.

Ainu Dog Breeding
The Ainu Dog was originally bred by the indigenous hunter-gathers to both help them to catch food, but also to protect them from large animals. Since then, the breed has changed slightly from these original Dogs, due to cross-breeding with similar domestic breeds throughout the Far East. Despite it's long history as a working breed, the Ainu Dog ideally now combines the roles of family pet and hunter. Today, Ainu Dogs are most commonly kept for hunting or as guard Dogs due to their alert and incredibly bold nature. On average, the female has around 7 puppies per litter which, like many other canines, are born both blind and with hardly any fur. Within their first month however, the Ainu Dog puppies will be up on their feet and begin to grow fast. The Ainu Dog can live to be 14 years old and is known to have relatively few genetic health issues.

Ainu Dog Interesting Facts and Features
The Ainu Dog has made a name for itself through it's courage nature, known to actually take on very large Bears, a number of times their size, in order to protect their owner. Today, although they can be found in households in parts of Europe and America, the AinuDog is most commonly found in Japan, where it remains to be considered a cherished national breed by the Japanese people. The Ainu Dog was officially named the Hokkaido-Ken in 1937, despite it's rich history with the Ainu people.

Ainu Dog Facts

Name:	Ainu Dog
Origin:	Japan
Group:	Dog
Average Size (H):	50cm (20in)
Average Weight:	30kg (65lbs)
Average Life Span:	12 years
Average Litter Size:	7
Type:	Working
Colour:	Grey, Tan, Brown, White
Temperament:	Fearless, determined and loyal
Training:	Hard
Distinctive Features:	Sharply pointed ears and upturned tail

Grouse

 

The grouse is a heavily-built bird that is found in the cold, forested areas of the Northern Hemisphere. The grouse is most closely related to other game birds including chickens, peasants and turkeys and, although not commonly farmed commercially, the grouse is hunted by humans in its natural habitat. The grouse inhabits both hot and cold environments, and can be found in a variety of habitats like forests, moorland, shrub-land and close to rural farms.
In order to survive the bitter Northern winters, the grouse has feathered legs and toes which not only help to keep the grouse warm, but they also give the grouse more grip and stability when it is walking around in the snow.
Despite inhabiting areas that often fall within the Arctic Circle, thousands of grouse are hunted as game each year by humans. The grouse population numbers are not drastically effected however as they often lay a large number of eggs so the grouse population is able to increase at a fast rate.
The grouse is an omnivorous animal meaning that it eats both plants and other animals. Despite this though, plant matter makes up the majority of the grouse's diet as the grouse eats grasses, fruits, nuts, berries, shoots, seeds and flowers, along with insects and even rodents.
Due to its stocky build and the fact that the grouse is one of the few animals able to exist within the Arctic Circle, that grouse is preyed upon by a number of native predators. Wildcats including lynx, foxes, wolves and large birds of prey all prey upon the grouse, alongside human hunters.
Female grouse nests in a dip in the ground, following an elaborate mating display by the male grouse. The female grouse can lay up to 12 eggs at a time which hatch after a month of incubation.

Grouse Facts

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Phasianidae
Genus:	Tetraoninae
Scientific Name:	Tetraoninae
Type:	Bird
Diet:	Omnivore
Size (L):	31cm - 95cm (12in - 37in)
Wing Span:	45cm - 101cm (22in - 40in)
Weight:	0.3kg - 6.5kg (0.6lbs - 14lbs)
Top Speed:	10km/h (6mph)
Life Span:	1 - 10 years
Lifestyle:	Flock
Conservation Status:	Least Concern
Colour:	Black, White, Brown, Yellow, Green, Blue, Red
Skin Type:	Feathers
Favourite Food:	Insects
Habitat:	Forest, shrubland and grassy plains
Average Clutch Size:	8
Main Prey:	Insects, Nuts, Seeds, Berries
Predators:	Fox, Lynx, Birds Of Prey
Distinctive Features:	Long tail feathers and feathered legs and toes

Cougar

The cougar is native to the Americas, particularly south America and western

North America and is often known by other names such as mountain lion,puma and panther. Cougars can be found mainly in the mountain regions of Canada and Mexico, but as the name cougar is often used to describe an un-spotted leopard, cougars are also found in Asia andAfrica.

The cougar is the fourth biggest feline in the world behind the lion, tiger and jaguar, making the cougar the second largest cat in the Americas. The cougar has longer back than front legs and a long heavy body.

Cougars prey on large mammals such as moose, deer, elk and stray wolves and can often go for long periods of time without food. Cougars are also well known for their amazing ability to jump up to 30ft.

Cougars tend to have between 1 and 4 cubs, generally during the spring and summer time when the adult cougars are hunting well again after the harsh winters. A cougar typically lives until its about 20 years old.

Due to the cougars vast range, the cougar is known in different places by different names. Until the late 1990s there were thought to be 32 different species of cougar inhabiting both North and South America. Recent studies however, have shown that the DNA of the majority of the 32 cougar species was too similar. There are therefore only 5 different species of cougar found on the American continent.

Today the cougar is only found in parts of Florida in North East America and the cougars range on the west coast has been dramatically reduced by human interference. The cougar is most commonly found in the Canadian Rockies and the more mountainous regions of Southern Mexico.

Cougar Facts

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Felidae
Genus:	Puma
Scientific Name:	Felis Concolor
Type:	Mammal
Diet:	Carnivore
Size (L):	1.5m - 2.75m (5ft - 9ft)
Weight:	29kg - 90kg (64lbs - 198lbs)
Top Speed:	45km/h (30mph)
Life Span:	10 - 20 years
Lifestyle:	Solitary
Conservation Status:	Least Concern
Colour:	Tan, Black, Brown
Skin Type:	Fur
Favourite Food:	Deer
Habitat:	Forest and mountainous regions
Average Litter Size:	3
Main Prey:	Deer, Elk, Beavers
Predators:	Human, Grizzly Bear
Distinctive Features:	Powerful forearms and paws and muscular jaw

Ragdoll

The Ragdoll cat has emerged in North America as mixed cat breeding has become more popular. The ragdoll cat is usually part
Burmese, Birman, Javanese, Siamese and Persian cat or any of these combinations. The Ragdoll cat is known to be one of the larger species of domestic cat and commonly have a slightly larger tummy than other cats, along with a rounded body and short limbs.
The Ragdoll cat is normally white in colour with the distinctive Siamese cat style brown markings. The ragdoll cat often inherits the long hair and blue eyes from the Persian and Birman cats but this is not always the case.
The Ragdoll cat is most well known for its calm and affectionate temperament, and its generally easy-going nature. The Ragdoll cat is a relaxed and gentle feline that is also well known for its intelligence.
The Ragdoll cat is named so because of the way in which the Ragdoll breed is often found to be easy to handle, even said to turn floppy when picked up. Ragdoll cats are known to be much more chilled-out and friendly compared to other domestic breeds.

Ragdoll Facts

Name:	Ragdoll
Origin:	North America
Average Size:	122cm (48in)
Average Weight:	9kg (35lbs)
Average Life Span:	14 years
Group:	Mediumhair
Colour:	Black, White, Fawn, Brown, Golden, Lilac
Average Litter Size:	4
Temperament:	Affectionate, calm and friendly

Stoat

The stoat is a small sized mammal, closely related to weasels and ferrets. Stoats are also closely related to

otters, badgers and wolverines and stoats share similar characteristics with all of these animals.
Stoats are found inhabiting a variety of habitats including moorland, woodlands, farms, coastal areas and even mountainous regions across the Northern Hemisphere. Stoats are found across Europe, Asia and North America and stoats are even spotted inside the colder Arctic Circle.
Stoats are relatively small in size ranging from 18cm to 32cm in height and weighing an average of 200 grams. The stoat has an average lifespan of between 4 and 5 years, although some stoat individuals can be much older and others can die at a much younger age.
Stoats are solitary animals and are not generally not territorial. The only exceptions for both of these lifestyles are during the breeding season when stoats come together to mate and the female stoats are known to become territorial during this time, probably so that the female stoat is able to protect her young.
The stoat is a carnivorous animal meaning that the diet of the stoat consists only of other animals. Some stoat individuals however, have been known to eat fruit but these cases have all been observed using stoats that are in captivity. Stoats prey on a number of animals including rodents, fish, eggs, insects, small reptiles and amphibians. The stoats favourite meal however is the rabbit despite the fact that the stoat is generally much smaller than a rabbit. It is for this reason that stoats are often introduced to places in order to control rabbit pest problems.
As the stoat is small in size, it is preyed up by a number of larger animals in the wild including foxes, dogs, wild cats and large snakes. The stoat is often able to defend itself against smaller sized predators as the stoat has extremely sharp teeth which can issue a nasty and painful bite.
A female stoat rarely has more than one litter of babies in her short lifetime. Stoats breed in the warmer months of May and June but there is a delayed reaction in the uterus of the female stoat meaning that the embryos don't begin to develop for a number of months. After this time, the baby stoats (known as kits) are born within a month, and the female stoat gives birth to a litter of between 5 and 15 stoat kits.
The stoat kits are nursed by the mother stoat until they are just over a month old and the baby stoats then begin to learn to hunt. The stoat kits are independent when they are much bigger by the time they are 3 months of age.
Despite the fact that the stoat is today considered to be a species that is not threatened with extinction, there are concerns regarding the decline in stoat populations due to habitat loss. The stoat has also been hunted by humans over the years mainly for it's fur but also for it's meat.

Stoat Facts

	Kingdom:	Animalia
	Phylum:	Chordata
	Class:	Mammalia
	Order:	Carnivora
	Family:	Mustelidae
	Genus:	Mustela
	Scientific Name:	Mustela Erminea
	Type:	Mammal
	Diet:	Carnivore
	Size:	25-35cm (10-14in)
	Weight:	200-500g (7-17.6oz)
	Top Speed:	32km/h (20mph)
	Life Span:	4-6 years
	Lifestyle:	Solitary
	Conservation Status:	Least Concern
	Colour:	Tan, Black, Brown, White
	Skin Type:	Fur
	Favourite Food:	Rabbit
	Habitat:	Moorland and woodlands
	Average Litter Size:	8
	Main Prey:	Rabbits, Mice, Insects
	Predators :	Fox, Snake, Wild Cats
	Special Features:	Elongated body and very sharp teeth

Budgerigar

 Budgerigar:

Blue Budgerigar

The budgerigar is a small colourful bird native to Australia. The budgerigar is thought to be a sub-species of parrot, making the budgerigar one of the smallest parrot species in the world.
The budgerigar is often called a parakeet or a budgie and the budgie is one of the most popular birds to keep as pets, both in outside aviaries and in cages in homes. Budgerigars are thought to be popular pets due to their small size and brightly coloured feathers.
The budgerigar is a very sociable bird and budgies can been seen gathering in large flocks in trees and scrub land in the Australian wilderness. Pet budgerigars should always be kept at least with one other budgerigar to prevent them from getting lonely. The wild budgerigar tends to feed on grass seeds and occasional insects.
Budgies are known to be very easy animals to sex. Male budgies and female budgies can be identified by the colour of their nose. The male budgerigar has a blue nose while the female budgie's nose is brown in colour.
Budgerigars are known to be very hardy little creatures and if a budgie becomes ill in the wild, the budgie will try to conceal it as long as possible so as not to appear weak and vulnerable to potential predators. The main predators of the wild budgerigar are snakes and birds of prey such as hawks. Wild budgerigars have also been known to be hunted by local natives mainly for their brightly coloured feathers which are then used in tribal costumes.
The average lifespan of a wild budgerigar is thought to be around 5 years but budgerigars have been known to live much longer in captivity, some get to nearly 20 years old! The average lifespan of a pet budgie is between 8 and 10 years.
Budgerigars are one of the few bird species that do not build nests and female budgerigars will therefore find a hole in a tree in which to lay their eggs. The female budgerigar lays around 5 or 6 eggs, that hatch in around 3 weeks. The budgie chicks are looked after by their mother and reach full adulthood when they are roughly 9 months old.
The budgerigar is a very vocal animal and the song of the budgie is also quite loud. Budgerigars use their voices to communicate with one another as they are very sociable animals

Green Budgerigar

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Budgerigar Facts:

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Psittaciformes
Family:	Psittacidae
Genus:	Melopsittacus
Scientific Name:	Melopsittacus Undulatus
Type:	Bird
Diet:	Omnivore
Size (H):	15cm - 20cm (5.9in - 7.8in)
Wing Span:	25cm - 35cm (10in - 14in)
Weight:	30g - 40g (1oz - 1.4oz)
Life Span:	3 - 6 years
Lifestyle:	Flock
Conservation Status:	Least Concern
Colour:	Black, White, Grey, Green, Blue, Yellow
Skin Type:	Feathers
Favourite Food:	Seeds
Habitat:	Open woodland and grassland near water
Average Clutch Size:	6
Main Prey:	Seeds, Fruit, Insects, Berries
Predators:	Human, Snakes, Large Birds
Distinctive Features:	Brightly coloured feathers and warble communication calls

King Crab

King Crab

King Crabs are known for their sheer size but only a couple of species get really big. King crabs are mainly
found in the Southern Hemisphere where the waters are warmer but the Alaskan king crab is the obvious exception to this as the waters there are near freezing. Red king crabs can have a leg span of up to 1.8m, blue king crabs often weigh over 8kg! King crabs hunt small fish and plankton in the oceans and are often found close to coral reefs or rocky areas where there are plenty of places for the king crab to hide.
The king crab is generally believed to come from the ancestors of hermit crabs, as with many species of crab today. King crabs are hunted all year round by fisherman and the king crab is seen to be delicacy in many parts of the world.
There are thought to be around 40 different species of king crab today, nearly all of which are hunted for food by humans due to their large size and the taste of their flesh. The most popular king crab for a human catch, is the red king crab as the red king crab is one of the largest species and one of the most readily available species of king crab in the ocean. 

King Crab Facts

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Crustacea
Order:	Decapoda
Family:	Lithodidae
Genus:	Lopholithodes
Scientific Name:	Lopholithodes Mandtii
Type:	Crustacean
Diet:	Carnivore
Size:	0.6-1.8m (1.9-5.9ft)
Weight:	2-8kg (4.4-18lbs)
Top Speed:	11km/h (7mph)
Life Span:	15-30 years
Lifestyle:	Solitary
Conservation Status:	Threatened
Colour:	Blue, Red, Orange
Skin Type:	Shell
Favourite Food:	Molluscs
Habitat:	Cold coastal waters and continental shelves
Average Litter Size:	7
Main Prey:	Molluscs, Fish, Sea Urchin
Predators:	Human, Larger Fish, Octopus
Special Features:	Large body and legs with thick, armoured shell

Butterfly Fish

The butterfly fish is a generally small sized species of marine fish, found in tropical and subtropical waters, primarily around coral reefs. The butterfly fish is well known for it's brightly coloured body and elaborate markings.
There are more than 100 different species of butterfly fish found distributed throughout the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans, meaning that the butterfly fish is a salt-water species of (marine) fish.
The average butterfly fish is fairly small and generally grows to around 4 or 5 inches in length. Some species of the butterfly fish however, are known to grow to 8 inches (20 cm) long and some butterfly fish individuals have been known to grow to 30 cm in length.
The butterfly fish can live for up to 10 years in a well kept aquarium but will only reach about 7 years old in the wild. The butterfly fish is a difficult fish to keep as they need very specific water conditions that need regular and close monitoring and so the butterfly fish is only found in specific water conditions in the wild.
The butterfly fish is most closely related to the marine angelfish which is similar in colour but the marine angelfish is often much larger in size than the butterfly fish. Butterfly fish can be distinguished from angelfish by the dark spots on their bodies, dark bands around their eyes and the fact that the mouth of the butterfly fish is more pointed than the mouth of the angelfish.
Butterfly fish are diurnal animals which means that they are feeding during the day and resting in the coral during the night. Most species of butterfly fish feed on the plankton in the water, coral and sea anemones and occasionally snack on small crustaceans . Those butterfly fish fish that primarily feed on the plankton in the water are generally the smaller species of butterfly fish and can be seen in large groups. The larger species of butterfly fish are fairly solitary or stay with their mating partner.
Butterfly fish are preyed upon by a number of large predators including fish such as snappers, eels and sharks. Due to the fact that the butterfly fish is small in size, it is able to tuck itself into crevices in the coral in order to escape danger and prevent itself from being eaten.
Butterfly fish form mating pairs that they remain with for life. Butterfly fish release their eggs into the water which form part of the plankton (it is because of this that many butterfly fish eggs are accidentally eaten by animals that live on plankton). When the eggs hatch, the baby butterfly fish (known as fry) develop armoured plates on their bodies to protect them when they are so vulnerable. As the butterfly fish gets, older these plates disappear. Butterfly fish have an average lifespan of 8 to 10 years although some of the larger butterfly fish species are known to get to much older.
Today, the butterfly fish is considered to be an endangered animal mainly as butterfly fish populations have been threatened due to water pollution and habitat loss. The destruction of coral reefs
occurs mainly from boats, and without their coral habitat, the butterfly fish find it difficult to survive as they have less food and are also more exposed to predators.

About Clam

clam, in general, any member of the invertebrate class Bivalvia—mollusks with a bivalved shell (i.e., one with two separate sections). More than 15,000 living species of bivalves are known, of which about 500 live in fresh water; the others occur in all seas. Bivalves usually live on or in sandy or muddy bottoms.
True clams, in the strict sense, are bivalves with equal shells closed by two adductor muscles situated at opposite ends of the shell, and with a powerful, muscular, burrowing foot. Clams characteristically lie buried from just beneath the surface to depths of about 0.6 m (2 feet). They rarely travel over the bottom as do some other bivalves. Most clams inhabit shallow waters, in which they are generally protected from wave action by the surrounding bottom. One species of abra clam (Abra profundorum), however, has been taken in the Pacific Ocean at a depth of more than 4,800 m (16,000 feet).
Clams typically draw in and expel water for respiration and feeding through two tubes, the siphons, or “neck.” The water is impelled by the beating of millions of cilia (hairlike structures) on the gills; other gill cilia strain food from the incurrent water and transport it, entangled in mucus, to the mouth. Eggs are usually shed by the female into the water and fertilized there by sperm released from the male. The eggs develop into larvae that swim briefly before settling permanently on the bottom. A few clams, such as the gem clam (Gemma), have internal fertilization and development. In addition, a few species of clams do not feed in the normal sense; they gain their nutrition from sulfur-oxidizing bacteria that live symbiotically in the gill tissue. These clams are common at marine hydrothermal vents and in sulfide-rich sediments.
The size of clams ranges from 0.1 mm (0.004 inch) in Condylocardia to 1.2 m across in the giant clam (Tridacna gigas) of the Pacific and Indian oceans.
Many species, including the quahog, geoduck, and soft-shell clam, are edible. The northern quahog (Mercenaria mercenaria), also known as the cherrystone clam, littleneck clam, or hard-shell clam, and the southern quahog (M. campechiensis) belong to the family of venus clams (Veneridae). M. mercenaria is about 7.5 to 12.5 cm (3 to 5 inches) long. The dingy white shell, which is thick and rounded and has prominent concentric lines, is found in the intertidal zone from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico; it is the most important food clam of the Atlantic coast. M. campechiensis, the southern quahog, is about 7.5 to 15 cm long and has a heavy, white, plump shell. It occurs in the intertidal zone from Chesapeake Bay to the West Indies.

The Pacific geoduck (Panopea generosa), found on the coast from Alaska to Baja California, burrows 60 to 90 cm into the mud of tidal flats. It is 15 to 20 cm in length, has a white, oblong shell, and may weigh as much as 3.6 kg (8 pounds). The Atlantic geoduck (P. bitruncata), similar to the Pacific species, occurs from the coast of North Carolina to the Gulf of Mexico.
The soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria), also known as the longneck clam, or steamer, is a common ingredient of soups and chowders. Found in all seas, it buries itself in the mud to depths from 10 to 30 cm. The shell is dirty white, oval, and 7.5 to 15 cm long.
The donax clam (Donax), also known as the coquina clam, is also commonly eaten in broth or chowder. The southern coquina (Donax variabilis), 1 to 2.5 cm long and pink, yellow, blue, white, or mauve, occurs on sandy beaches from Virginia to the Gulf of Mexico. The northern coquina (D. fossor), 6 to 12 mm long, is yellowish white with bluish rays and inhabits shallow waters from Long Island to Cape May, N.J.
Common clams not ordinarily eaten include long siphon clams (Sanguinolariidae), wedge clams (Mesodesmatidae), basket clams (Corbulidae), slendesee piddock). The extinct genus Myalina is important for stratigraphic correlations.

Sting Ray-2

পর্ব-২

==>স্টিংরে<==

আগের পর্বে আমরা স্টিংরে সম্পর্কে কিছু জেনেছি। এই পর্বে আমরা স্টিংরের জীবনযাত্রা ও পুঃনউত্‍পাদন সম্পর্কে জানব।

জীবনযাত্রা: স্টিংরে খাবার খাওয়ার সময় পানির তলদেশে স্থির হয়ে থাকে। মাঝে মাঝে তাদের চোখ ও লেজ দৃশ্যমান থাকে। কোরাল রীফ হচ্ছ এদের খুব পছন্দের খাবার খাওয়ার স্থান। স্টিংরের চ্যাপটা শরীর তাদের নিজেকে লুকিয়ে রাখতে সাহায্য করে। এরা তাদের পাখনা দিয়ে বালু কম্পিত করে এবং এর মধ্যে লুকিয়ে থাকে, কারণ তাদের চোখ তাদের দেহের উপরিভাগে অবস্থিত এবং তাদের মুখ তলদেশে থাকে। স্টিংরে তাদের শিকারকে দেখতে পারেনা। তারা হাঙ্গরের মত ঘ্রাণশক্তি ও বৈদ্যুতিক তরঙ্গ গ্রহনের মাধ্যমে শিকারকে সনাক্ত করে।
এরা বেশির ভাগ সময় মলাক্স, ক্রাসটাশিন( চিংড়ি মাছ, কাকড়া) খেয়ে থাকে। তবে মাঝে মাঝে ছোট মাছও খেয়ে থাকে। কিছু স্টিংরের মুখে রয়েছে দুটো শক্তিশালী ঝিনুক ভাঙ্গার চোয়াল , যেখানে অন্যদের রয়েছে শুধুমাত্র চুষ্য মুখগহ্বর।

পুঃনউত্‍পাদন:- স্টিংরে হচ্ছে ovoviviparous, এরা একসাথে ৫-১৩ টি শাবক লালন পালন করে। স্ত্রী স্টিংরে জরায়ুর মধ্যে অমরা ব্যাতীত ভ্রুণ ধারণ করে। ভ্রুণ একটি কুসুম থলি থেকে পুষ্টি শোষন করে এবং যখন থলি খালি হয়ে যায় তখন মা স্টিংরে তার শাবকদের গর্ভাশয়ের থেকে এক প্রকার দুধ সরবারহ করে।

লন্ডনের "সি লাইফ" অ্যাকুরিয়ামে ২ টি স্ত্রী স্টিংরে ৭ টি শিশু স্টিংরের জন্ম দেয়। যদিও স্ত্রী স্টিংরে দুটি ২ বছর যাবত কোন পুরুষ স্টিংরের কাছাকাছি ছিল না।স্ত্রী স্টিংরে পরিচিত শুক্রানু মজুত রাখা এবং উপযুক্ত সময় পর্যন্ত অপেহ্মা করা যথহ্মননা তারা স্থির করে যে এই সময়টাই বাচ্চা জন্ম দেয়ার জন্য উপযুক্ত।

Sting Ray-1

পর্ব-১
==>স্টিং রে<==

স্টিং রে (শাপলা পাতা মাছ)সম্পর্কে অনেকেই জানি। তবে যারা এর সম্পর্কে অল্প জানি তাদের জন্য একটু বলছি---

#বৈঞ্জানিক_শ্রেণীবিন্যাস :--

Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Chondicta
Sub-class: Elasmobran
Order: Myliobatiformes
Sub-order: Myliobatoiedei

স্টিংরে হচ্ছ রে বর্গের সবচেয়ে বড় উপ-বর্গ। এগুলোর দেহ হাঙ্গরের মতই কার্টিলেজ নির্মত। এদেরকে Myliobatiformes বর্গের Myliobatoiedei উপ-বর্গে ৮ টি পরিবারে বিভক্ত করা হয়েছে।
বেশিরভাগ স্টিংরের লেজের উপর ১ টি অথবা একাধিক জ্বালা ধরানো কাঁটা আছে, যেগুলো শুধুমাত্র আত্মরহ্মার কাজে ব্যাবহৃত হয়। এই কাঁটাগুলো ৩৫ সেমি পর্যন্ত হয় এবং তার পাদদেশে বিষপূর্ণ লম্বা ধরনের দুটি Venom Gland রয়েছে। কাঁটাটি পাতলা চামড়া দিয়ে আবৃত, আবরণটি বিষ ধারণ করে।
তবে কিছু উপ-বর্গ যেমন Mante ray এবং Poreupine ray এর কাঁটা নেই।
স্টিংরে কে সাধারণত পৃথিবীর উপকূলীয় ক্রান্তীয় অঞ্চল ও প্রায় গ্রীষ্মমন্ডলীয় সামুদ্রিক পানিতে পাওয়া যায়।এগুলো ঊষ্ম সামুদ্রিক পানির প্রাণী। তবে কিছু কিছু গভীর সমুদ্রেও পাওয়া যায় এবং কিছু কিছু মিষ্টি পানিতেও বাস করে। বেশিরভাগ স্টিংরে পানির তলদেশে বাস করে কিন্তু কিছু আবার সামুদ্রিক মধ্যস্তের।
স্টিংরের বিষ মানুষের জন্য খুব হ্মতিকর না হলেও প্রচন্ড যন্ত্রণা অনুবভ হয়। স্টিংরে দ্বারা আক্রান্ত কিছু মানুষের বর্ণণা মতে এর যন্ত্রণা মনেহয় যেন " কেউ উত্ত্বপ্ত পেরেক তার শরীরে প্রবেশ করাচ্ছে"। তবে স্টিংরের বিষের প্রভাবে কিন্তু মানুষের মৃত্যুর খবরও পাওয়া যায়। কিন্তু এটি তখনই ঘটে যখন এর কাঁটা সরাসরি মানুষের কোন প্রধান অঙ্গে আঘাত করে।

@ আমাদের লেখা যদি আপনাদের একটুও নতুন কিছু শিখিয়ে থাকে। তবে লাইক দিয়ে আমাদের আরও নতুন কিছু লেখার জন্য অনুপ্রাণিত করুন। ধন্যবাদ।